嫦娥六号月背样品最新研究成果 改写月球撞击史

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　近日，中国科学家用一份来自月球背面的样品优化了沿用数十年的月球撞击历史模型。

　　北京时间2026年2月5日，一项发表在《科学进展》的研究引发科学界的广泛关注：中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所和中国科学院空天信息创新研究院等单位的科学家，基于嫦娥六号月球背面样品，结合月球遥感图像，修正了沿用数十年的月球撞击坑年代学模型，首次证实月球正、背两面的陨石撞击通量基本一致，其早期撞击通量呈平滑衰减，不支持“晚期重轰击”假说。

　　所谓撞击通量，就是单位时间内单位面积上撞击陨石的个数。月球表面的“坑坑洼洼”，全是陨石撞击留下的印记。区域越古老，被陨石撞的次数就越多，撞击坑自然越密集。通过这种方法，科学家就能推算月球各个区域的年龄，解锁它的演化奥秘。而这一切的前提，是要有精准的“参照标准”——也就是月球样品的同位素年龄，得把样品年龄和对应区域的撞击坑密度绑定，才能建立靠谱的定年模型。

　　在嫦娥六号之前，人类获取的所有月球定年样品，都有两个致命局限：

　　来源单一，全来自月球正面，背面连一份有效样品都没有；

　　所有样品年龄都小于40亿年，覆盖不了月球最早期的历史。

　　这就导致科学界对月球早期撞击史争议不断，主要有三种假说：

　　有人认为撞击通量是单调衰减的；

　　有人提出“晚期重轰击”假说，约39亿年前，月球曾遭遇一次陨石撞击“爆发期”；

　　还有人觉得约41亿年前有过“锯齿状”撞击增强。

　　2024年6月25日，嫦娥六号成功从月球背面南极-艾特肯（SPA）盆地内的阿波罗盆地返回了1935克月壤样品，创造了人类历史。对这些样品的分析带来了两个关键突破：一是距今约28.07亿年的年轻玄武岩，二是距今42.5亿年前的古老苏长岩。而苏长岩是SPA盆地被大型陨石撞击后，熔融岩浆冷却结晶形成的，而SPA盆地本身就是月球上最大、最古老的撞击坑。

　　科学家通过研究月球样品，结合遥感图像得出结论：月球背面的撞击坑密度，和正面高度匹配，打破了“背面可能更易被撞击”的猜测，为建立全球性的撞击坑年代模型奠定了基础，因此综合嫦娥六号数据在内的年代模型为月球科学研究提供了更加完整、精确的“时间标尺”。更关键的是，新模型直接否定了两大争议假说，也就是说，月球早期的撞击活动，并不是剧烈动荡的，而是一个平滑衰减的过程——越早期撞击越频繁，之后快速减弱，没有发生过所谓的“晚期重轰击”。vk.com/topic-236142620_56905960

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