贵州职教高考回归“技能立身”

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曾帅 科技日报记者 何星辉

　　自国家提出“建立职教高考制度”以来，尽管各地推进步伐不一，但总体趋势已经明朗。其核心是构建与普通高考并行的“双轨制”升学体系，为职业教育打开“向上”通道。

　　近日，《贵州省职教高考实施方案》出台，明确正式启动职业教育考试招生制度改革，计划到2028年全面推动“职教高考”平稳落地，逐步构建中、高、本有效衔接的职业教育人才培养体系。

　　贵州省教育厅职业教育与成人教育处相关负责人说，推进职教高考改革，是贵州职业教育改革主动适应时代发展、服务地方经济、回应社会关切的战略性举措。

　　对比其他省份，“贵州方案”有何亮点？对其他地区有哪些借鉴意义？带着这些问题，记者采访了相关专家。

　　职教高考打开“向上”通道

　　长期以来，不少中职学生升学通道狭窄，面临学历“天花板”。职教高考为中职学生提供了绕开普通高考，直接报考职业本科院校的机会。

　　据了解，此次贵州职教高考政策的第一大亮点，是突破了中职生的学历“天花板”，打造了“中高本”贯通的一体化职业教育升学链条，全面打开了职教“向上”通道。

　　对此，乌鲁木齐职业大学副校长孙晓伟比喻道：“贵州的职教高考政策，为职教人才修建了一座‘立交桥’，让他们彻底告别了过去的‘独木桥’时代。”

　　常州工业职业技术学院副校长檀祝平认为，贵州出台的职教高考政策不仅彻底打破了中职生“只能读高职”的局限，还构建了“中职—高职—职业本科”的完整培养链，形成了“升学有通道、就业有优势”的闭环。同时，还能定向培养本科层次具有实操能力的人才，避免因技能人才断层制约贵州产业发展。

　　贵州省职教高考在考试内容与形式设计上，突出“职业技能”的核心地位，力求实现“岗课赛证”深度融合。这是“贵州方案”的第二大亮点。

　　方案明确提出，职教高考将由“文化素质+职业技能”两部分组成，其中职业技能测试的分值占比原则上不低于50%。特别是职业技能测试，坚决摒弃“纸上谈兵”，将以虚拟仿真操作考试为主，引入行业企业生产项目、典型工作任务作为命题素材。

　　同时，获得技能竞赛奖项及相关等级证书的考生，可按规定享受技能赋分或免考等政策，例如，世界冠军可保送本科等，真正实现“以赛促教、以证促学”。

　　檀祝平认为，从全国来看，多数省份的职教高考政策中，技能分值的占比在40%—50%，而贵州明确“超五成”，这无疑回归了“技能立身”的职教本质，打破了过去“重理论、轻实操”的误区。

　　此外，方案还通过采取20个平行志愿+大类报考的设计，改变了学生“一选专业定终身”的情况。

　　探索西部职教差异化发展道路

　　西部地区与东部地区在产业发展上存在差异。因此，职业教育发展路径也需因地制宜。

　　具体而言，东部聚焦高端制造、数字经济等产业，职教专业侧重“高精尖技能”；而贵州等西部省份，则应紧扣自身核心产业，定向设置专业群，避免与东部在高端制造等领域进行“同质化竞争”。

　　贵州职教高考政策的出台，正是在探索一条差异化职教发展道路。

　　近年来，贵州聚焦职教改革，围绕部省共建职教“技能贵州”行动计划，在职业本科发展、“双高”建设、产教融合等方面成效明显，并因此获得国务院激励支持。

　　贵州省教育厅相关负责人透露，自2021年部省共建“技能贵州”行动计划启动以来，贵州分批次立项建设1596个省级职教项目，累计投入专项资金超8.6亿元。

　　为了聚焦区域产业发展需求，贵州不断优化专业布局，提高职业教育人才培养与经济社会的适配度，培育建设省级高水平专业群51个。同时，贵州把办好高职院校“订单班”作为全省十大民生实事之一，联合贵州省发展改革委等部门遴选省级产教融合型企业59家、省级产教融合型城市1个，围绕“六大产业集群”、三大特色产业，先后建设20个行业产教融合共同体和20个市域产教联合体……

　　金华职业技术大学教务处副处长、招生办主任章国栋认为，近年来，贵州职业教育走出了一条富有西部特色的发展之路，为区域经济社会发展提供了强有力的人才支撑，也为其他西部省份提供了可复制、可推广的“贵州经验”。vk.com/topic-236142620_56905960

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